Chlorine-based Disinfectants

• Chlorine Gas (Cl₂): One of the most widely used disinfectants in municipal water treatment. It is highly effective against bacteria and viruses, though it may produce disinfection by-products (DBPs) like trihalomethanes (THMs).

• Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl): Commonly known as liquid bleach, it’s easier to handle and apply than chlorine gas. Effective against a wide range of microorganisms.

• Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)₂): A solid form of chlorine used in smaller-scale applications. Often used for on-site disinfection where liquid chemicals aren’t feasible.